Kemal Atatürk [1] (or additionally composed as Kamâl Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Pasha [a] till 1934, commonly referred to as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk; [b] 1881 [c]-- 10 November 1938), was a Turkish field marshal, innovative statesman, author, and the creator of the Republic of Turkey, working as its very first President from 1923 until his death in 1938. His humane dictatorship carried out sweeping progressive reforms, which modernized Turkey into a secular, industrial nation.Ideologically a secularist and nationalist, his policies and theories became known as Kemalism. Due to his military and political accomplishments, Atatürk is regarded according to studies as one of the best leaders of the 20th century.
Atatürk came to prominence for his role in securing the Ottoman Turkish victory at the Battle of Gallipoli (1915) throughout World War I. Following the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, he led the Turkish National Motion, which withstood mainland Turkey's partition amongst the triumphant Allied powers. Establishing a provisional government in the present-day Turkish capital Ankara, he beat the forces sent out by the Allies, hence emerging triumphant from what was later referred to as the Turkish War of Independence. He consequently continued to abolish the decrepit Ottoman Empire and proclaimed the structure of the Turkish Republic in its location.
As the president of the recently formed Turkish Republic, Atatürk initiated a rigorous program of political, financial, and cultural reforms with the supreme objective of building a modern-day, progressive and nonreligious nation-state. He made primary education free and compulsory, opening countless new schools all over the country. He likewise introduced the Latin-based Turkish alphabet, changing the old Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Turkish ladies received equivalent civil and political rights throughout Atatürk's presidency ahead of many Western nations. [8] In particular, women were offered voting rights in regional elections by Act no. 1580 on 3 April 1930 and a couple of years later, in 1934, complete universal suffrage, earlier than many other democracies in the world.
His federal government carried out a policy of Turkicisation, attempting to create an uniform and unified nation. Under Atatürk, non-Turkish minorities were pushed to speak Turkish in public, non-Turkish toponyms and last names of minorities had actually to be changed to Turkish performances. The Turkish Parliament gave him the surname Atatürk in 1934, which suggests "Dad of the Turks", in acknowledgment of the role he played in constructing the modern Turkish Republic. [16] He passed away on 10 November 1938 at Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul, at the age of 57 he was succeeded as President by his veteran Prime Minister İsmet İnönü [18] and was honored with a state funeral. His renowned mausoleum in Ankara, built and opened in 1953, is surrounded by a park called the Peace Park in honor of his Click for more info popular expression "Peace in the house, Peace on the planet".
In 1981, the centennial of Atatürk's birth, his memory was honoured by the United Nations and UNESCO, which stated it The Atatürk Year on the planet and embraced the Resolution on the Atatürk Centennial, explaining him as "the leader of the first struggle offered against colonialism and imperialism" and a "exceptional promoter of the sense of understanding in between peoples and resilient peace in between the countries of the world and that he worked all his life for the development of consistency and cooperation in between peoples without distinction". [19] [20] Atatürk is celebrated by lots of memorials and locations named in his honor throughout Turkey and the world. Eleftherios Venizelos, former Prime Minister of Greece, forwarded Atatürk's name for the 1934 Nobel Peace Reward.